anthropic principle :: essays research papers

The Anthropic Principle In the mid 1970s, Brandon Carter expressed what he called "the human-centered principle": that what we can hope to watch "must be confined by the conditions fundamental for our essence as observers" (Leslie ed. 1990). Carter’s word "anthropic" was proposed as applying to savvy creatures all in all. The "weak" form of his rule shrouded the spatiotemporal areas where eyewitnesses got themselves, while its "strong" adaptation secured their universes, yet the differentiation between spatiotemporal locale and universes, and consequently between the powerless rule and the solid, couldn't generally be made immovably: one writer’s "universe" could now and again be another’s "gigantic district". Also, the need included was never - not even on account of the "strong human-centered principle" - a matter of saying that some factor, f or example God, had made our universe absolutely destined to be wise life-allowing, not to mention wise life-containing. Nonetheless, every one of these focuses have frequently been misjudged and, in any event with regards to expressing what words mean, blunders normally rehashed can stop to be mistakes. Has Carter in this way lost okay to figure out what "anthropic principle" and "strong human-centered principle" truly mean? No, he has not, for his recommendation that observership’s essentials may set up observational determination impacts is of such significance. Keep in mind, it could illuminate any watched adjusting without presenting God. Everything is pushed into disarray when individuals state that faith in God "is upheld by the human-centered principle", which means basically that they put stock in calibrating and figure God can clarify it. As articulated via Carter , the human-centered rule doesn't to such an exte nt as notice adjusting. Monitoring conceivable "anthropic" observational choice impacts can support one lot of desires, and confidence in God another set. On the off chance that speculating that Carter’s human-centered standard has functional significance, you will be readier to accept (I) that there exist different universes and (ii) that their attributes have been settled haphazardly, some system, for example, enormous swelling guaranteeing that everything was settled in a similar manner all through the district noticeable to our telescopes. Valid, the devotee to God can acknowledge these things as well, yet the individual in question may feel far less strain to acknowledge them. Regardless of whether there existed just a solitary universe, God could have tweaked it in manners that urged savvy life to develop. A potential contention for inclining toward the God speculation runs as follows. A physical power quality or rudimentary molecule mass can frequently appear to have expected tuning to such and such a numerical worth, give or take practically nothing, for a few unique reasons.

Aircraft Solutions Security Assessment And Recommendations Information Technology Essay

Airplane Solutions Security Assessment And Recommendations Information Technology Essay The motivation behind this evaluation is to address shortcomings and give suggestions on the system security of Aircraft Solutions. Airplane Solutions is a perceived pioneer in the structure and manufacture of segment items and administrations for organizations in the gadgets, business, protection, and avionic business. Airplane Solutions strategic to give client accomplishment through machined items and related administrations, and to meet cost, quality, and calendar necessities. Two shortcomings were found concerning the companys arrange security. The main shortcoming is an equipment shortcoming; not having an AAA server for client validation and approval; second, not having a Network-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) being used. The prescribed arrangements are to convey an AAA server for client validation and approval to organization assets, and send a blend Host and Network-based IDS for by and large checking of the companys endeavor. Organization Overview Airplane Solutions plans and creates part items and administrations for organizations in the gadgets, business, protection, and avionic business. The strategic Aircraft Solutions is to give client accomplishment through machined items and related administrations, and to meet cost, quality, and timetable prerequisites. Quite a bit of its hardware is robotized to build creation while decreasing expenses. The companys workforce has a huge ability base: structure engineers, software engineers, mechanics, and get together faculty to work its profoundly mechanized creation frameworks. The organization procedure is to offer minimal effort plan and PC helped demonstrating bundles to clients to diminish their improvement costs. Airplane Solutions utilizes Business Process Management (BPM) to deal with start to finish forms that range various frameworks and associations. The BPM framework is intended to interface clients, merchants, and providers to share data and keep up an auspicious business discourse. BPM likewise adjusts inward business activities to IT backing to keep up creation on the side of client necessities. Security Weaknesses Two security vulnerabilities were found with respect to the companys arrange security. The primary powerlessness is an equipment shortcoming; not having an Authorization, Authentication, and Accounting (AAA) server for client verification and approval; second, not having a Network-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) being used. Equipment Weakness AAA Server Airplane Solution has a requirement for an AAA server to confirm and approve real client certifications for its on location central station, intranet remote workplaces, and extranet for providers, contractual workers, and providers. An AAA foundation is required so as to approve and verify clients to organization assets; get to control. AAA servers give a component to scrambled verification of clients and can be utilized to control access to the system. Validation confirms the character of a client by utilizing a database of usernames and passwords. Approval allots arrange rights or consents to a verified client. Approval records or logs arrange use of validation and approved clients. Bookkeeping can be utilized to record data about security penetrates. (Kaeo, 2004) Programming Weakness Combination Host and Network-based IDS Airplane Solutions utilizes a host-put together IDS with respect to the servers in the corporate office. I think having a blend of host-put together IDS with respect to basic servers and a system based IDS by the firewall for each system fragment is better. A decent technique for IDS is utilize a blend of host and system IDS. A Network-based IDS gives a general point of view of your system and is valuable for recognizing circulated assaults, though a Host-based IDS would stop most legitimate dangers at the host level. (Kaeo, 2004) An IDS secures a system like a caution framework. At the point when an IDS distinguishes that something isn't right and considers it to be an assault, it can make restorative move itself or tell an administration framework, which would make a system executive aware of make some move. Interruption Detection Systems are significant as far as halting an assault, yet in addition in keeping up a changeless time-stepped log of interruption endeavors on a host framework. An IDS permits an organization to realize that they are being assaulted and who is assaulting them, how they are getting along it, and what they may be searching for. An IDS is the guard dog that includes a layer of resistance over all system security frameworks and approaches. Meaning of Solution Arrangement of AAA Server Airplane Solutions needs to halfway oversee who has approval to remotely get to arrange assets from anyplace, which organize asset are those remote clients approved to get to, and any related issues. Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) and Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) are the two conventions for actualizing the AAA innovation structure. A concentrated AAA server that utilizes TACACS+ convention will give a brought together area to Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting for Cisco gadgets. Client validation on Cisco gadgets should be possible in a couple of ways; a nearby database of clients on the server, or by a TACACS+ server.â TACACS+ is a Cisco exclusive convention that utilizes TCP as a vehicle convention and can isolate confirmation, approval, and bookkeeping as discrete administrations. The AAA server goes about as an intermediary server by utilizing TACACS+ to validation, approve, and representing access to Cisco switches and system get to servers. The Authentication capacity of an AAA server can give get to control; this demonstrates a valuable capacity in situations where theres a necessity to confine access to arrange gadgets or applications per individual confirmed client. (Kaeo, 2004) Programming Weakness Combination Host and Network-based IDS Airplane Solutions needs to convey a Network-based IDS in blend with its Host-based IDS. I figure Aircraft Solutions ought to have a Network-based IDS so as to screen all traffic to and from the Internet to perceive what number of programmers or different vindictive exercises are attempting to get to the companys organize. Notwithstanding observing Internet traffic, a Network-based IDS can see traffic setting off to a firewall or VPN and to other joined gadgets. A blend IDS will likewise empower Aircraft Solutions to all the more likely screen and viably react to a security occurrence by utilizing ongoing capacity. A Network-base IDS is intended to detect malignant action happening on a system and gives ongoing making aware of Administrators to research. The absence of not having such a framework leaves Aircraft Solutions in danger by not being able to see noxious system traffic and depending on framework occasions to be cautioned of pernicious movement. (Kaeo, 2004) Legitimization Arrangement of AAA Server The seller arrangement Id select would be Cisco equipment. Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) would be most appropriate for use as an AAA Server. My avocation for that is Cisco ACS server covers the three primary elements of Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting; and the utilization of TACACS+ convention is Cisco exclusive convention. Airplane Solutions has various clients that partake in start to finish forms that range different frameworks and associations. A Business Process Management (BPM) framework is set up to deal with these procedures. Frameworks are access by clients at various degrees of need to know and these clients are liable for entering, preparing information, and data so as to produce reports to be utilized for dynamic. Client information, for example, venture data, PC helped structure, and advancement models are arranged and put away in assigned servers. The Design Engineering office is answerable for checking on the electronic models, associating with the client and making vital changes with client endorsement, at that point setting them in an Engineering Release (ER) catalog for programming. When these electronic models are discharged, software engineers use them to make creation programs. Every last program must be altogether confirmed for precision before discharging to the Proof For Production (PFP) catalog for assembling to make the creation first article. From the creation floor, mechanics download PFP programs legitimately to their DCNC (Direct Computer Numerical Control) machines for execution. After any further handling finished items are reviewed for confirmation to client prerequisites, at that point they are moved to the transportation office for conveyance. Taking a gander at how Aircraft Solutions BPM functions, there is unquestionably a requirement for focal client validation and approval. An AAA server with TACACS+ can be utilized to deal with the enormous quantities of client IDs and passwords in a unified database, giving a versatile system security arrangement. (Oppenheimer, 2004). An AAA server will guarantee access to plan, creation, bookkeeping, deals, and HR servers just go to approved architects and faculty. An AAA server will likewise follow all clients movement and endeavors to get to arrange assets; occasion logging. Model, in the event that somebody is attempting to get to creation programs and theyre not approved it will be logged, taking into account an examination of the occurrence whenever required. Programming Weakness Combination Host and Network-based IDS Airplane Solutions has numerous clients getting to its system, be it providers, clients, branch office representatives and so forth A Network-based IDS is expected to ensure the system. Like a mortgage holder having a caution framework to avert or to alarm them of an interloper. I see an IDS in this style. An IDS recognizes on the off chance that somebody attempts to break in through the firewall or figures out how to break in the firewall security and attempts to approach on any framework in the confided in side and alarms the framework chairman in the event that there is a penetrate in securit

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, major cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. In response to the Bay of Pigs Invasion and other American actions against Cuba as well as to President Kennedy 's build-up in Italy and Turkey of U.S. strategic nuclear forces with first-strike capability aimed at the Soviet Union, the USSR increased its support of Fidel Castro 's Cuban regime. In the summer of 1962, Nikita Khrushchev secretly decided to install nuclear-armed ballistic missiles in Cuba. When U.S. reconnaissance flights revealed the clandestine construction of missile launching sites, President Kennedy publicly denounced (Oct. 22, 1962) the Soviet actions. He imposed a naval blockade on Cuba and declared that any missile launched from Cuba would warrant a full-scale retaliatory attack by the United States against the Soviet Union. On Oct. 24, Russian ships carrying missiles to Cuba turned back, and when Khrushchev agreed (Oct. 28) to withdraw the missiles and dismantle the missile sites, the crisis ended as suddenly as it had begun. The United States ended its blockade on Nov. 20, and by the end of the year the missiles and bombers were removed from Cuba. The United States, in return, pledged not to invade Cuba, and subsequently, in fulfillment of a secret agreement with Khrushchev, removed the ballistic missiles placed in Turkey. See E. R. May and P. D. Zeilkow, The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis (1997); R. F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days (1969, repr. 1971); A. Chayes, The Cuban Missile Crisis (1974); R. Garthoff, Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis (1989); A. Fursenko and T. Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble (1997); M. Frankel, High Noon in the Cold War (2004); M. Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight (2008); S. M. Stern, The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory (2012). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved . See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Treating Metabolic Syndrome using a Mediterranean Diet and High Intensity Interval Exercise - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1633 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diet Essay Did you like this example? With the constant demands of everyday life, people are finding it more difficult to obtain a healthy body weight (Richard et al. 2012). There seems to be a viscous cycle of being overweight, not having enough time to stick to an extensive exercise schedule, and not eating correctly which feeds back into being overweight. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Treating Metabolic Syndrome using a Mediterranean Diet and High Intensity Interval Exercise" essay for you Create order This lifestyle may lead to dysfunction and ultimately health problems like metabolic syndrome. Some people may even have genetic predisposures to metabolic syndrome in their DNA (Chrysohoou et al. 2004). Metabolic syndrome is a condition that is categorized by high rates of adiposity, heart problems, and high blood pressure (Dunn et al. 2014). In addition, those suffering from metabolic syndrome also experience pro-inflammatory levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) leading to an insulin resistance in the body (Pitsavos et al. 2007). IL-6 is an inflammatory marker that is characterized by chronic low-grade systemic inflammation which is linked to metabolic syndrome (Cullen et al. 2016). It is made primarily by lymphocytes and causes antibodies to take action. However, IL-6 is elevated during exercise and even during an illness, so it often believed that exercise can be dangerous because inflammation occurs. During an illness, the body is trying to fight off the bacteria; therefore, the immune cells create pro-inflammatory levels. Similarly, the body becomes inflamed during exercise; however, the more exercise that occurs, the more the body will get used to the inflammation which results in anti-inflammatory levels. This is beneficial because anti-inflammatory levels combat the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Individuals with metabolic syndrome may find a regular exercise schedule, also termed â€Å"Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training†, to be unappealing, impossible, and ultimately not effective (Van Biljon et al. 2018). However, the research behind High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) suggests this is a far more effective plan of action (Lahoz et al. 2018). HIIE involves high levels of activity performed in alternating short bursts and rest periods. One recent study concluded that over half of the eleven participants saw a reduction in capillary glycaemia, a heart health issue, after performing HIIE (Viana et al. 2018). Using this method, individuals with metabolic syndrome experienced weight loss, reduced blood pressure, and anti-inflammatory IL-6 levels (Cullen et al. 2016). Therefore, HIIE can help reduce metabolic syndrome from the exercise side of life, but what about the unhealthy eating side of the issue? There are many different diet trends and most are ineffective or yield only temporary results (Ajith et al. 2018). If someone is looking for reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome, the best diet to choose is the Mediterranean diet (Vitale et al. 2018). The Mediterranean diet is recommended in those with metabolic syndrome and even type 2 diabetes due to its high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3, and fiber (Estruch et al. 2016). There was a recent study conducted in Spain in which over 7,000 individuals who were at risk for cardiovascular disease adopted either a Mediterranean diet or a simple reduced-fat diet. The researchers concluded that those who adhered to the Mediterranean diet showed a much lower risk of heart disease than those who ate reduced-fat only (Spence et al. 2018). In summation, studies illustrated the roles IL-6 have on metabolic syndrome, as well as those that demonstrate how metabolic syndrome can be counteracted by Mediterranean dieting and HIIE, respectively. The purpose of this current study is to determine whether or not HIIE and a Mediterranean diet would decrease the risk of Metabolic Syndrome. It was hypothesized that IL-6 levels would be reduced following this alternative intervention for metabolic health. Approval for this study was granted by the University of New South Wales Research Ethics Committee and the University of La Verne released approval for the data to be used. Data was gathered from a study performed in New South Whales, Australia in 2014 by a team of researchers that categorized the effects of HIIE and Mediterranean dieting on numerous metabolic syndrome markers including IL-6 levels (Dunn et al. 2014). Thirty-four women between the ages of 18 and 25 volunteered to participate in the study. The participants were divided into two groups; a control group of 17 women who did not change their dietary or exercise habits, and an experimental group of 17 who adhered to a Mediterranean diet and HIIE for the duration of the study. Twenty-four hours prior to testing, all participants were instructed to refrain from consuming caffeine and performing any vigorous activity. They were also asked to fast 12 hours prior. The women kept a food diary for 3 days/week pre- and post- intervention to track their meals and Mediterranean eating. The dietary intake was analyzed using dietary analysis software (Foodworks, Australia). A Mediterranean diet score was used to provide information on a scale from 0 (least adherent) to 9 (most adherent). Their scores were based off median values calculated from mean scores. As for exercise training, supervised women were given a 5-minute warm-up and cool down and sprinted on a stationary bike for 8 seconds followed by a 12 second rest period known as LifeSprints. They repeated this for 20 minutes, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks at 80%-85% of each women’s peak heart rate. Baseline and post-test readings were taken for a variety of factors including body composition and blood pressure. The IL-6 levels of each participant were quantified using enzyme-linked assay kits (ELISA), which was determined by dual wavelength absorbance measurement. (Dunn et al. 2014). Finally, all data underwent statistical analysis using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science for Windows software (SPSS, version 25). An independent t-test was completed to assess any significant differences between the two groups pre- and post-testing. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not HIIE and a Mediter ranean Diet would lower the risk of metabolic syndrome through a reduction in IL-6 levels. The hypothesis was that HIIE and a Mediterranean diet would in fact lower IL-6 levels, thus lowering the risk of metabolic syndrome. Thirty-four women volunteered to participate in this study. Demographics about the women are shown in Table 1. The experimental group of 17 women were given a diet to follow and a HIIE program to complete for 12 weeks, while the control group was asked to not change any of their diet or exercise habits. Both groups were tested pre- and post-intervention to determine the differences. An Independent T-test on SPSS was performed between the control and experimental group to assess their pre- and post-intervention IL-6 measurements for significance. For the experimental group, IL-6 levels decreased significantly by 32% [difference/pre IL-6=% change (Table 2)]. A two-tailed independent sample t-test showed there was a significant difference in pre- and post-tests between treatment and control group [t(34) = 2.61, p = 0.014], such that the treatment group showed greater improvement than the control group. Overall, the data collected from this experiment supports the notion that HIIE paired with a Mediterranean diet has a positive effect on IL-6 levels in the body. Between the control and experimental group, pre- and post-study, IL-6 measurements were statistically compared. For the experimental group, IL-6 levels decreased significantly by approximately 32%. However, the control group’s IL-6 levels only decreased by about 3% due to the fact that they were instructed to not change their diet and exercise habits. Collectively, the experimental group showed greater improvement than the control group for this study, supporting the hypothesis that HIIE paired with a Mediterranean diet has a positive effect on metabolic syndrome, specifical ly IL-6 levels in the body. Previous studies on HIIE have proven results for weight loss. Using this method, individuals with metabolic syndrome experienced weight loss, reduced blood pressure, and anti-inflammatory IL-6 levels (Cullen et al. 2016). In addition to HIIE, dietary improvements can also aid in the pursuit to reduce metabolic syndrome. Overall, the best dietary intervention is the Mediterranean diet (Vitale et al. 2018). The Mediterranean diet is recommended in those with metabolic syndrome and even type 2 diabetes due to its high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3, and fiber (Estruch et al. 2016). The limitations of this study include geographic and demographic specificities. The sample population for the study included only university women between 18 and 25 years of age living in New South Wales. Metabolic syndrome can be found in other countries such as the United States; however, this study cannot be fully related to America because the lifestyles may va ry to some degree that cannot be predicted with this data alone. Similarly, men can also experience metabolic syndrome as well as women, but that group is not included in this study either. To gain the full scope of knowledge regarding metabolic syndrome, similar research would have to be conducted at least in all developed countries. Various age groups would need to be observed and all genders would need to participate as well. Such a study would take many researchers years and much funding to gather the data alone. Therefore, while that is the best theoretical path to take, it is not ideal. Instead, the research might be expanded upon one or two more groups to get a better grasp of how well the treatment works. Perhaps additional information could be gathered on men of the same age or women of more varied ages.Extreme IL-6 levels in the body indicate an individual who may be suffering from metabolic syndrome (Cullen et al. 2016). During exercise, these levels are known to be reduced. The most efficient exercise method to reduce such levels was found to be HIIE training. Risks of metabolic syndrome can also be reduced through diet. The Mediterranean diet has showed to yield great results for this. When the two methods were utilized together in this study, it was found to be extremely beneficial. IL-6 levels decreased significantly by approximately 32% when compared to the control group. Overall, this study shows that both HIIE and Mediterranean diet should be used simultaneously in order for individuals to get the best results of lowered IL-6 and decreased risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

The Moving Role of Buddhism in the United States - 1184 Words

For more than a hundred of years, Buddhism has played a moving role in the United States. At first, the teachings of Buddhism were quietly practiced among Chinese and Japanese immigrants on the west coast, but it quickly became a thriving religion in the United States performed by millions. These ambitious supporters have produced millions of books, magazines, television shows, and even movies. Different volumes on â€Å"The Art of Zen† are shelved in bookstores, [. The] the Dalai Lama has been characterized in Hollywood movies, and [the] civilian’s new fascination in Buddhist [Buddhism] has published in the NY Times magazine. [New Paragraph] This religion originally [, which originated] from India [,] has appeared in social movements, and sports across the country, [.] and Buddhist studies are taught in universities from Portland, Maine to Honolulu, Hawaii. This American version of Buddhism has been adapted and publicized for the wrong reasons by millions of Americans. Instead of focusing on the religion and its teachings, Americans have patented its spiritual essence. Fashion industries have printed the famous elephant, one of Buddha Shakyamuni’s previous incarnations, [and] rock bands are named after the Buddhism term Nirvana, [. There are also] and nightclub bars are named ‘Buddha’. However, there are small instances when Buddhism is used correctly. One type of Buddhism has been majorly focused on. This type is called Zen Buddhism. The instance in which Buddhism is usedShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Aspects Of Culture995 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginate when people that live close get together share their belief systems and can distinguish right from wrong. When a religion is created the cultural rules get included in the religious rules. For example, in Buddhism, nuns have way more rules that have to be followed than the priests. Buddhism is native to India, and women in India are ruled and taken care of by the men. 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Emma is often said to be about the “education” of its central character Free Essays

Jane Austen introduces us, the reader to a certain aspect of Emma’s character right as the start, she says Emma, â€Å"seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence.† The word â€Å"seemed† shows us that Emma has some lessons to learn. Not lessons in the sense of schooling, but how she develops and matures. We will write a custom essay sample on Emma is often said to be about the â€Å"education† of its central character or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the novel, Emma goes through many changes in her personality. I think she is growing up, helped along by a chain of events which change her outlook on life, and on people. Almost every character in the novel helps Emma on her way along the path to becoming an adult rather than a spoilt child. However, I think the only person in the novel who takes Emma seriously is Mr. Knightly. Though she defies him on many occasions, she has a â€Å"sort of habitual respect for his judgment† and her willingness to be guided by good principles helps her to change. Life for women at the time of Emma’s existence was very different to life as we know it today. For a woman then, education was about how to become a good wife and mother. There were no career women. The only careers a woman could have were in the governess or servants trade. Moral fibres were needed to be a lady. Emma has these moral fibres, but she was lacking experience. Not until she learns self awareness and social awareness will she be a good wife. Emma thinks she will not marry and therefore has no need to change, but Jane Austen has other plans for her, and does not have her fall in love until she has changed into a lady. Although Emma knows she is the first lady of Highbury, she knows she is not as well accomplished and Jane Fairfax. This is where some of her jealousy for her comes from and why they are not good friends. When Emma rides home in the carriage in tears after Mr. Knightley’s telling off at Box Hill, she decides to act more rationally from that point onwards. This is a significant point in the novel as it is the first time Emma cries, so the first time the reader knows Emma is hurt. She acknowledges that â€Å"With common sense, I am afraid I have had little to do†. It marks a point in her moral education, and now that she has become aware of her â€Å"insufferable vanity† and â€Å"unpardonable arrogance†, she can judge rightly. I think Jane Austen wants the reader to appreciate her honesty about herself, and her willingness to change. Like Mr. Knightley, â€Å"his eyes received the truth from her’s, and all that had passed of good in her feelings were at once caught and honoured,† the reader takes her attempts to make amends with Miss Bates and Jane sincerely, for they are met with none of the self congratulation and complacency that were typical characteristics of Emma before her transformation. Though the reader may have felt that Emma was being a snob and lacking in care when she made the cruel remark, the reader also feels that she shows genuine regret for her sins. Mr. Knightley is also put off by Emma’s inappropriate behaviour with Frank Churchill at Box Hill. Here Emma and Frank â€Å"flirted excessively†, breaking social convention, and because Mr. Knightley takes Emma seriously he believes that she is in love with Frank. Emma’s cruel remark to Miss Bates, prompted by the high spirits of Frank, brings out a strong reaction from Mr. Knightley, who tells her off for this because Miss Bates is poor and has less social status. This shows his strong sense of duty and good judgment. Miss Bates also, at this point, takes Emma seriously, but has the generosity and openness to forgive her. Though at the time, Emma says it was done in jest, she later feels Mr. Knightley’s words â€Å"at heart†, and responds by visiting Miss Bates the next day to make up for her cruelty. The language used in the chapter is used to make Emma feel like a sinner, and she has never felt so bad. Emma’s encouragement of a romance between Mr. Elton and Harriet nearly wrecks the prospective marriage between Harriet and Mr. Martin, the match which is socially right. The unfortunate illegitimacy of Harriet encourages Emma’s imagination about Harriet being the daughter of a gentleman, because she is beautiful. Mr. Knightley, like the narrator, knows â€Å"Harriet is the â€Å"natural daughter of Somebody†, and lucky that Mr. Martin does not object to this.† When Emma is happy that Harriet finds a match in Mr. Martin at the end the reader knows this happiness to be genuine: for Emma’s plots have almost prevented this from occurring. This is another event that makes Emma realize that she cannot control the events of everyone and everything. It makes her think about her actions, however, on more than one occasion, her matchmaking goes wrong and she swears not to do it again, but does. When Mr. Elton tells Emma he loves her, her first thoughts are of Harriet, but then of herself, and she feels rather offended. Having slept on it, she feels better, having learnt only half her lesson. By the end of the chapter she is considering match making again. This shows she needed some lessons teaching more than once. After her mistakes, Emma realizes them and she displays an honesty which unites her to Mr. Knightley. The consequences of her absurdities, snobberies and misdirected mischievous ingenuities as well as her habit of self examination (seen after each of her mistakes) and Mr. Knightley giving her his good judgment, are what prompts Emma to â€Å"experience a moral rebirth, under the impetus of self knowledge. Mr. Knightley as the ‘moral yardstick’ of the novel is the standard by which Emma and the reader evaluate other characters in the novel,† and because Mr. Knightley takes Emma seriously, the reader too comes to have a concern for Emma’s moral development and education, and so take her seriously as the novel progresses. Though sometimes put off by her snobbery and vanity, these are the qualities of Emma which are reformed when the events that take place force her to face the truth about herself. These are also the very qualities which make her such an intere sting character. The eponymous heroine is â€Å"handsome, clever, and rich† but she is also arrogant and suffers from self deception. With the judgment of Mr. Knightley, and her own self scrutiny, Emma experiences a movement of psyche, from arrogance and vanity through the humiliation of self knowledge to clarity of judgment and ability to be a good wife. As the novel progresses, the reader comes to take her seriously, because of the nature of the issues addressed in the novel, and while at times we may be put off by her snobbery, Jane Austen has written in such a way so as to make us feel sorry for her. â€Å"Emma is a character neither so good as to be uninteresting, nor so wholly cruel as to forfeit our sympathy.† By presenting things from Emma’s point of view for the most part of the novel, the reader gets an insight into her inner thoughts and unexpressed feelings. Despite Jane Austen declaring that she would create a heroine â€Å"whom no one but myself should much like†, the reader does like Emma by the end, and appreciate her ability to change for the better. There is a clear difference between Emma’s character at the beginning and at the end of the novel. The main lessons Emma learns, and that are clear to the reader from the outset, are that she is like everyone else in the sense that she needs love, and companionship, to be found in marriage, and that Mr. Knightley is always right. He is her morality and keeps her on the right track. How to cite Emma is often said to be about the â€Å"education† of its central character, Papers

International Relations as Natural and Social Science

Introduction/Thesis statement Nowadays, it became a common practice among many political scientists to suggest that, since the observable emanations of international relations in today’s world do seem to have acquired a number of qualitatively new subtleties, the application of a positivist methodology in IR can no longer be considered appropriate.1 This suggestion, however, cannot be referred to as such that represents an undeniable truth-value.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations as Natural and Social Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because, even though that, during the course of recent decades, the operational principles of IR did undergo a rather drastic transformation, the innermost essence of how different countries relate to each other on the arena of international politics remains thoroughly ‘functional’. This, of course, implies that IR-related sub ject matters can be best addressed within the conceptual framework of a specifically positivist methodology, which in turn suggests that IR may indeed be studied as a natural science. I will aim to explore the validity of this thesis at length. Analytical part The methodological principles of natural sciences are based upon the empirically tested assumption that there are a number of objectively existing impersonal laws, which define the essence of a surrounding reality. In its turn, this makes it possible to predict the vector of a researched phenomena’s spatial development. For example, we are well aware of the fact that, after having been thrown high into the air, any physical object will necessarily fall down back on earth – the law of gravity will cause it to do so. This is exactly the reason why physics is considered a ‘hard science’, for example – physical laws are thoroughly objective. Even though IR cannot be considered a ‘hard scienc e’, in the full sense of this word, there are many good reasons to consider IR’s discursive conventions as such that fit well within the methodological framework of biology (another ‘hard science’) and physics. This points out to the fact that IR can indeed be considered a subject of a positivist scientific inquiry. For example, even though that traditionalists and post-positivists suggest that, there is too much complexity to the subject of international relations (in order for its integral components to be disassembled for the purpose of positivist testing); this point of view does not stand much ground.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because, once we apply a naturalistic approach for assessing the actual significance of IR-related conventions, the earlier mentioned ‘complexity’ will simply evaporate. After all, just abo ut all the aspects of how countries coexist/compete on the arena of international politics can be well discussed within the context of what positivists consider the foremost purposes of every state’s existence: Economic/geopolitical expansion, Protection of internal stability, Impairment of the internal stability of competing/neighboring countries.2 In their turn, the earlier mentioned purposes of states’ existence reflect the scientifically proven fact that, biologically speaking, the representatives of Homo Sapiens species are nothing but primates, whose foremost existential pursuits are being concerned with reproduction and with trying to impose their dominance upon others. What it means is that national states can be well conceptualized as culturally/scientifically advanced and geographically bounded packs of apes that remain in the state of a continual competition for natural resources. The validity of this statement can be well explored in regards to the actual consequences of 2011 Arab revolutions. Even though that Western mainstream Medias never ceased referring to the downfalls of secular regimes in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, as such that have been predetermined by the citizens’ strive towards ‘democracy’, it now became clear to just about anyone that the ‘Arab spring’s’ actual cause had to do with the America’s decision to take control of natural resources in the area – pure and simple. The same can be said about the actual cause of the ongoing civil war in Syria.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations as Natural and Social Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significance of IR’s subject matters can also be assessed within the methodological framework of physics. The reason for this is quite apparent – given the fact that human societies are essentially material (they cons ist of psychically-bodied individuals), the qualitative dynamics within just about any society do reflect the effects of people’s exposure to physical laws. After all, every human society (country) can be well conceptualized in terms of an open thermo-dynamic system. The continuous functioning of such a system can only be ensured for as long as the extent of its inner complexity remains higher than the complexity of a surrounding environment.3 When the extent of environment’s complexity is being higher, it becomes only the matter of time before this system ‘dissolves’ in it. In its turn, this explains why, as of today, Western countries suffer from the inflow of illegal immigrants, while being slowly ‘dissolved’ in the surrounding Third World. Conclusion I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation, in defense of the suggestion that IR can indeed be studied as a natural science, is being thoroughly consistent with the paperâ€℠¢s initial thesis. Apparently, only the application of a positivist approach to dealing with IR-related subject matters can help us to gain an in-depth insight into the dialectically predetermined essence of a particular IR’s phenomenon in question. This is exactly the reason why, even though traditional and post-positivist elaborations on IR do sound pretentiously sophisticate, they rarely account for any practical value. Bibliography: Ashby, William. Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1964. Emerson, Niou Ordeshook, Peter, â€Å"A Theory of the Balance of Power in International Systems.† Journal of Conflict Resolution 30, no. 4 (1986): 685-715.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lapid, Yosef, â€Å"The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era.† International Studies Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1989): 235-254. Footnotes 1 Yosef Lapid. â€Å"The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era.† International Studies Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1989): 239. 2 Niou Emerson Peter Ordeshook. â€Å"A Theory of the Balance of Power in International Systems.† Journal of Conflict Resolution 30, no. 4 (1986): 687. 3 William Ashby, Introduction to Cybernetics (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1964), 75. This essay on International Relations as Natural and Social Science was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.